Air conditioning



Feb. 20, 1940. vG, v. wooDLlNG 2,191,208

AIR CONDITIONING Original Filed DeC. 24, 1932 5 SheetS-Sheet 1 ggz@ @y.6 U/ tempera! are Z l INVENTOR.

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5 Sheets-Sheet 2 G. V. WOODLING AIR CONDITIONING Original Filed Deo.

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AIR CONDITIONING Original Filed Deo. 24, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Y f Q .D

b D 90 $1@ 5 a@ HIS ATTORNEYS Feb. 20, 1940. G. v. wooDLlNG AIRCONDITIONING 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Original Filed Deo. 24, 1932 /05 f /oz ZQ/l W I ZE 7 INVENTOR.

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AIR CONDITIONING Original Filed DBC. 24, 1932 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 229 .aala2 1109: 9 242 2W Mgg INVENTOR. 250 BY M WMM 993%@ f//a ATTORNEY;

' same feeling of comfort or discomfort.

Patented Feb. 20, 1940 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE AIR -CONDITIONINGGeorge V. Woodling, Cleveland, Ohio, assignor to General MotorsCorporation, a corporation of Delaware Original application December 24,1932, Serial No. 648,822. Divided and this application September 30,1936, Serial No. 103,302

Claims.

1932, now Patent No. 2,142,593 dated January 3,

1939, entitled Air conditioning. This application is also related to mycopending application Serial No. 645,570, filed December 3, 1932, nowPatent No. 2,166,697, and my copending application Seria No. 105,779,filed October 15, 1936.

The human comfort or'discomfort, as regardsv feeling of Warmth, dependslargely upon the body temperature, and, therefore, upon the relationbetween the rate of production and dissipation of heat.

By the process of metabolism, heat is constantly generated within thebody'. Accordingly, this heat must be eliminated from the surface of the'body and from the respiratory tract by radiation, convection andevaporation. Hence, to maintain a constant body temperature, the heatloss of the body must equal the heat produced` It is, therefore,apparent that any reduction in the elimination of heat from the bodymust result in a rise in the temperature and a corresponding feeling ofdiscomfort. As the temperature of the air and surrounding objects rise,the loss of heat by convection and radiation decreases. When the airtemperature reaches that of the body, the loss by radiation andconvection ceases. Finally, as the air temperature exceeds that of thebody, heat is transferred from the air to the body. As the temperatureof the air rises'and heat loss by radiation and convection decreases,the body endeavors to maintain temperature equilibrium by makingavailable more perspiration, thus resulting in a greater heat loss byevaporation.

From the foregoing, one notes that there must necessarily exist certaincombinations of temperatures, humidities, and air motions, which producethe same total heat loss by radiation, convection, and evaporation; and,therefore, the

Therefore, the comfort or discomfort of the human body depend not onlyupon the temperature of the surrounding air as registered by a dry-bulbthermometer, but also upon the temperature as o` indicated by theWet-bulb thermometer, together with the air motion.

The combinations Vof temperature, humidity,

tures or comfort indexes. Elaborate experiments conducted by theResearch Laboratory of the United States Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, and published in the Transactions of the American Societyof Heating and Ventilating Engineers from 1923 to the present date, by

F. C. Haughten and C. P. Yaglou, show thatthis newly-developed scale ofthermo-equivalent conditions, or effective temperatures not onlyindicates the sensation of warmth, but also determines the physiologicaleffects on the body induced by heat and cold. l

The e'ective'temperature or the comfort index being an experimentallydetermined scale, unlike the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature scales,is a true measure or index of a persons feeling of warmth in allcombinations of temperature, humidity and air movements. for any onegiven effective temperature, a person feels the same degree of warmth orcoldness regardless lof the dry-bulb temperature, the wetbulbtemperature, and velocity of the air required to produce that particulareffective temperature.

Therefore, an object of my invention is to provide for giving ameasurement of the human comfort.

Another object of my invention is to provide for giving a measurement ofthe human comfort in terms of the combination of the dry-bulbtemperature, the relative humidity, and the. air velocity.

A further object of my invention is to so modify the measurements ofthedry bulb temperature as to correct for changes in the moisture and theair velocity, and thereby effect a modified measurement that is a trueindex of a persons' feeling of comfort.

A still further object of my invention is to translate three movementsinto a single resultant movement.

Another object of my invention is the provision of a comfort regulatingdevice which may be adjustably and automatically set to give the maximumdegree of comfort.

A further object of my invention is the provision of a dual comfortregulating device; that is to say, it is adjustably adapted to regulatethe heating apparatus in thewinter time and thel cooling equipment inthe summer time.

It is also an object of my invention to so arrange the electricalcontact members ci the dual comfort regulating device that the action ofthe heating apparatus or the cooling equipment is initiated when thecontact members are closed, and that the action of the heating apparatusor the cooling equipment is arrested when the contact members are open.

Another object of my invention is to so regul'ate the heating apparatusor the cooling equipment that the comfort index maintained by theheating apparatus or the cooling equipment coincides with the setting ofthe comfort index as indicated on the comfort regulating device.

Another object of my invention is to provide for so regulating the humancomfort that, for any change in the dry-bulb temperature, the moisture,or the air velocity, which results in a change in the human comfort, acorrection is made in the dry-bulb temperature, in the moisture, or inthe air motion, either singly or in combination, to off-set the saidinitial change in the human comfort caused by the change in dry-bulbtemperature, the moisture, or the air motion.

A further object of my invention is to provide for giving a subtra-hendvalue based upon the condition of the air and for subtracting thissubtra-hend value from the dry-bulb temperature to give measurement ofthe human comfort.

Another object of my invention is to provide for operating both a fanand the heating apparatus when the human comfort index is' less than alpredetermined cold value; for operating the fan only when the humancomfort index is more than the said predetermined cold value and lessthan a second higher predetermined value, and for operating neither thefan nor the heating apparatus when the human comfort index is more thanthe second higher predetermined value; and to provide for operating boththe fan and the cooling equipment when the human comfort index is morethan a predetermined warm value; for operating the fan only when thehuman comfort index is less than the said predetermined warm value andmore than a second lower predetermined value, and for operating neitherthe fan nor the cooling equipment when the human comfort index is lessthan the second lower predetermined value.

Another object of my invention is' to provide for setting the air motionoff on the comfort regulating device to correspond either to theprevailing natural air motion or to'that created by the fan.

A still further object of my. invention is to provide for regulating thehuman comfort in a building in acccordance with either the effectivetemperature or the dry-bulb temperature of the atmosphere surroundingthe building.

Another yobject of my invention is to regulate the setting of thecomfort regulating device in accordance with the comfort index of theatmosphere surrounding the building.

Other objects and a fuller understanding of my invention may be had byreferring to the following specification, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a'psychrometric chart with effective temperature lines forstill air (persons normally clothed and slightly active) Figure 2 is apsychrometric chart with effective temperature lines for an air velocityof 300 feet per minute (persons ynormally clothed and slightly active);

Figure 3 is a reorganized psychrometricuchart and represents the basisfor determining ya measurement of the human comfort in all combinationsof dry-bulb temperatures, relative humidi- 'ties and air-velocities;

Figure 4 is a modified form of thefamily of full lines shown in thepsychrometric chart ci' Figure 3, and represents the actual basis forthe construction of my comfort regulating device;

Figure 5 is a modified form of the family of broken lines shown in thepsychrometric chart of Figure 3, and represents the actual basis for theconstruction of my comfort regulating device; v

Figure 6 is an effective temperature indicator, having its principle ofoperation based upon the modified psychrometric charts shown in Figures4 and 5;

Figure '7 is a perspective view of my comfort regulating device;

Figure 8 is a diagrammatic view of an airconditioning system embodyingthe features of my invention and employing my comfort regulating devicefor regulating a heating apparatus, a cooling equipment and a fan togive the maximum degree of human comfort; and

Figure 9 is a fragmentary showing of a thermostat which may replace theoutside comfort regulating device shown in the upper right-hand cornerof the control system in Figure 8. g

With reference to the two psychrometric charts of Figures 1 and 2, thedry-bulb temperature is plotted as abscissae and the grains of moistureper pound of dry air as ordinates. The maximum moisture which the aircan hold at various temperatures gives the saturation, or per centrelative humidity curve. Relative humidities between zero and 100 percent are given by a series` of curved lines similar to the saturationcurve. The wet-bulb temperatures for all atmospheric conditions aregiven by a series of nearly parallel oblique lines. Effectivetemperature is given by a series of oblique, but not parallel, lineswhich approach being parallel to the wet-bulb temperature lines at hightemperatures and humidities, and to the dry-bulb temperature lines Iatlow temperatures. In the psychrometric chart of Figure 1, which is forstill air, the effective temperature line is perpendicular and coincideswith the dry-bulb temperature line at 46. In Figure 2, which is for airmoving at the rate of 300 feet per minute, the effective temperatureline is perpendicular and coincides with the dry-bulb temperature lineat 56. Although not shown, for air velocities of 100 and 500 feet perminute, the effective temperature lines andthe dry-bulb temperaturelines coincide respectively at 51 and 59". Y

For dry-bulb temperatures below these respective values, an increase inhumidity produces a cooler sensation instead of a warmer sensation asisproduced for dry-bulb temperatures above these values. Hence, thesevalues may be called the ydividing lines at which humidity has no effectupon the comfort of the body.

The psychrometric chart of Figure 2 for moving air, differs from thechart of Figure ifor stur air only in that the effective temperaturelinesl for any particular degree do notintersect the dry-bulb andwet-bulb temperature lines at the same degree on the saturation or 100per cent relative humidity curve, but are removed to the rightso thatthe effective temperature for any particular dry and Wet-bulbtemperature is lower for moving air than it is for still air. -Thedifference between the effective temperature for still air and formoving air, of any velocity, is the cooling effect resulting from thatvelocity.

Referring to the psychrometric chart in Figure 1, a dry-bulb temperatureof '70 and a relative humidity of 35, produces an effective temperatureof 65. This is for still air.

Referring to Figure 2, which is for air moving at the rate of 300 feetper minute, the same dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity producesan effective temperature of 60, or a reduction of 5 resulting from achange in the air velocity.

For winter-time conditions in relatively cold climates, and for personsnormally clothed and slightly active, extensive tests show that thecomfort zone ranges from an effective temperature of 62 to an effectivetemperature of 69.

That particular effective temperature at which a maximum number ofpeople feel comfortable is called the comfort line. While at rest, 97per cent of the people have been found to be comfortable at an effectivetemperature of 64 and this temperature is generally considered as thewinter comfort line or optimum effective temperature. However, personsworking at various rates are most comfortable at effective temperaturesbelow 64. c

Since the main purpose of the comfort regulating device is to measurethe human comfort, it

^ follows that its functioning or principle of operation must be basedupon a useful and practical relationship that combines the dry-bulbtemperature, the relative humidity, and the air motion. From a study ofthe psychrometric charts of Figures '1 and 2, together with otherpsychrometric charts (notshown), I find that by reorganizing theforegoing Values upon a different basis, a useful and practicalrelationship results. Such a relationship is shown in Figure 3.

In Figure 3, the dry-bulb' temperature is scaled off on the line OX; asubtra-hend value, that isv the amount to be subtracted from thedry-bulb to equal the effective temperature, on the line OY; therelative humidity, on the line CD; and the air velocities, on the lineEF.

'I'he air velocity line EF is determined as follows: With reference tothe psychrometric chart of Figure 1, which is for still air, oneobserves that, at a dry-bulb temperature of 46, the amount to besubtracted (the subtra-hend value). from the dry-bulb temperature toequal the effective 'zemperature is zero. Therefore, the coordinates forestablishing the zero point on the line EF are 46 for the dry-bulbtemperature and zero for the subtra-hend value. Similarly, withreference to the psychrometric chart of Figure 2, which is for an airvelocity of 300 feet per minute, one observes that, at a dry-bulbtemperature of 56, the amount to be subtracted from the dry-bulbtemperature to equal the effective temperature, is 10. This establishesthe point 300 on the line EF. By referring to other psychrometricchartsv (not shown) the points for air velocities of 100, 200, 400 and500 may be established in a similar manner.

The relative humidity line CD is likewise empirically established byfirst plotting a family of lineswhich have, for their origin, points onthe air velocity line EF and which meet at a drybulb temperature of 12.0F. The values for plotting'the family of lines are obtained from thepsychrometric charts of Figures 1 and 2, together with other similarcharts (not shown). For instance, the line G interconnecting the zeropoint on the line EF and the point on the relative humidity line CD isdetermined by establishing a series of points, the values of which beingob'- tained from the psychrometric chart of Figure 1, and Vdrawing aline through the said points.

With reference to Figure l, which is for still air, one observes that,at a dry-bulb temperature of 70 F. and a relative humidity of 90percent,

the effective temperature is 69.4.v .This means cally at a dry-bulbtemperature of 50.

that, at a dry-bulb temperature of 70 F. and a relative humidity of 90percent, the amount of a subtra-hend value to be subtracted from thedrybulb temperature to equal the corresponding effective temperature is0.6". Therefore, with reference to Figure 3, a dry-bulb temperature of70 F., as measured on the line OX, and a subtra-hend value of 0.6", asmeasured off on the line OY, established a point h for the line G. Forthe point i on the line G, one observes from Figure 1 that, with arelativehumidity of 90 percent, the subtra-hend value to be subtractedfrom a dry-bulb temperature of F. to equal the corresponding effectivetemperature, is 2.5". Other points for establishing the position of theline G may be determined in the same manner.

The other full lines of the family of lines, interconnecting the zeropoint on the air 'velocity line EF and the points 80, 10, 60, 50, 40,30, and 20 on the relative humidity line CD, may be established in thesame manner as the line G was established, except that `relativehumidities values of 80, 10, 60, 50, Il), 30 and 20 are, respectively,used for each line. In a similar manner the family of broken lines,inter-connecting the point 300 on the air velocity line EF and thepoints 90, 80, 10, 60, 50, 40, 30 and 20 0n the relative humidity lineCD, may be established, ,except that the values for establishing theselines are taken from the psychrometric chart in Figure 2, which is foran air velocity of 300 feet per minute. While I have drawn the foregoingfamily of lines to explain the method as to how they are established, itis readily apparent that an infinite number of such lines may be drawn.From the reorganized psychrometric chart of Figure 3, one observes thatthe corresponding lines in the various groups meet at F. This indicatesthat at this high temperature, the air velocity has no cooling effectupon the body. Therefore, when the chart in Figure 3 is onceestablished, one can obtain from it the amount (the subtra-hend value)to be subtracted from the dry-bulb temperature to equal thecorresponding effective temperature for all possible combinations ofdry-bulb temperature, relative humidities and air velocities. As willappear later the theory of operation of my comstraight to simplify andto facilitate the construction of my regulating device. Two modifiedpsychrometric 4charts are shown in Figures 4 and 5. In order not tocause a confusion of the family of lines and to make the reconstructionof the modified psychrometric charts as 'clear as possible, I havepreferably shown two charts. Figure 4 represents the modied form of thefamily of full lines of the psychrometric chart of Figure 3, andsimilarly Figure 5 represents the modified form of the family of brokenlines.

The primary object of the modified psychrometric charts of Figures 4 and5 is to so reconstruct the psychrometric chart ofFigure 3 as to replacethe family of curved lines by a family of straight lines, and at thesame 4time so draw the" family of straight lines that the scaler unitsof the air velocity line EF and the relative humidity line' CD areuniform. To this end, the air velocity line Ellis arbitrarily drawnverti- In Figures 4 and 5, the family of straight lines, throughout theworking range ofthe dry-bulb temperature and the relative humidity, areso drawn that they coincide as nearly as possible with their respectivecurved lines of Figure 3, and it is immaterial whether or not the familyof straight lines coincides with the family of curved lines outside ofthe working range. While the family of straight lines in Figures 4 and 5are so drawn as to make them coincide as nearly as possible with thecurved lines, they are also so drawn as to make the scaler units for theair velocity line EF and the relative humidity line CD uniform. Althoughthe modified psychrometric chart in Figures 4 and 5 respectivelyillustrates a single family of lines originating from a point of zeroairvfvelocity and of 300 feet per minute, it is-clearly manifest that aninfinite number of straight lines may be drawn. to represent allcombinations of air velocities and relative humidities.

With reference to Figure 6, I illustrate an effective temperatureindicator having its mode of operation based upon the modifiedpsychrometric charts of Figures 4 and 5. The indicator comprises, ingeneral, a panel or base I0, an L-shaped dry-bulb temperature hand II,an air velocity hand I3, a relative humidity hand I4 an L- shapedeffective temperature hand I6, and an interconnecting link I5 having aslot substantially of its length. As illustrated, the dry-bulbtemperature hand II, may be pivotally connected to the base I II bymeans of a pin 22, or other suitable means. Similarly, the air velocityhand I3 and the relative humidity hand I4, are pivotally L connected tothe base I0 by means of pins I8 and 2|, respectively. The ends of theinterconnecting link I5, are pivotally and slidably connected to theinner ends of the air velocity hand `I3 and the relative humidity handI4 by means of pins I9 and 20, respectively. The openings in the innerends of the air velocity hand I3 and the relative humidity hand I4, aresomewhat elongated, thus forming relatively short slots to allow the twopivot pins I9 and 20 to slide therein as the two hands are actuated. Asillustrated, the apex of the effective temperature hand I6, is pivotallyconnected to the upper end of the L- shaped dry-bulb temperature hand bymeans of a pin I2, and the left-hand end thereofis slidably connected tothe slotted link I5 by means of a pin I1 that is disposed to slidefreely, but not too loosely Within the longitudinal slot of theinterconnecting link I5.

The sealer units of the dry-bulb temprature scale, the relative humidityscale, and the air velocity scale are`iiased` upon the correspondings-caler units oi.' the modified psychrometric charts in Figures 4 and 5.Hence, the actuationand setting of the dry-bulb temperature hand II, atany particular value, causes the pivot point I2 to move substantiallyhorizontally, thus representing a corresponding dry-bulb temperaturevalue, as marked off on the scale OX of the modified psychrometriccharts. Also, the actu-A ation and setting yof the relative humidityhand I4, at'any particular value, causes the pin 20 to assume acorrespondingy relative humidity value, as marked oi on the scale CD ofthe modihand I3, the inter-connecting link I5 assumes a position thatcorresponds to the position o! a straight line drawn from acorresponding relative humidity value and a corresponding air velocityvalue, as scaled off upon the modied psychrometric charts of Figures 4and 5. Accordingly, the illustrated linkage system is such that anincrease in the setting of the relative humidity hand I4 causes the pin20 to move upwardly, which, in turn, actuates the slidable pin I1upwardly and the pointer of the effective temperature hand I5 to theright. Conversely, a decrease in the setting of the relative humidityhand I4 actuates the pointer of the effective temperature hand I6 to theleft. In a similar manner, an increase in the seting of the air velocityhand I3 causes the pivot point I9 to move downwardly, which, in turn,actuates the slidable pin I'I downwardly and the pointer of theeffective temperature hand I6 to the left. Conversely, a decrease in thesetting of the air velocity hand I3 actuates the pointer of theeffective hand to the right. From the foregoing, it is manifest that'thelinkage system is such that, for any particular setting oi' the dry-bulbtemperature hand Il, the relative humidity hand I4, and the air velocityhand I3, the slidable pin I1 assumes such a position as to cause thepointer of the effective temperature hand I6 to be retracted by anamount equal to the subtrahend, as determined by the combined effect ofthe particular dry-bulb temperature, the relative humidity, and the airvelocity. In other words, the three independent movements of thedry-bulb temperature hand I I, the relative humidity hand I4, and theair velocity hand I3, are translated into a single resultant movement ofthe eiective temperature hand I6, which is a true indication of apersons feeling of comfort or discomfort. In the position of the handsas indicated in Figure 6, the dry-bulb temperature hand I I is set atthe relative humidity hand at I4, at 20 percent, and the air velocityhand I3, at zero. With this setting, the effective temperature hand read76.8, thus giving an eifective temperature reading that is 13.2 belowthe corresponding dry-'bulb temperature reading, and is accordingly, thetrue index of a persons feeling: of comfort. For the illustratedsetting, the subtra-hend value is 13.2.

From the foregoing, it is noted that the linkage system provides forgiving a subtra-hend value based upon the combined effect of thedry-bulb temperature, the relative humidity, and the air velocity, andfor subtracting this subtra-hend value from the dry-bulb temperature togive a measurement of the human comfort.

Having described the operation and principles of the effectivetemperature indicator, I will now describe how the same movements may beincorporated into a comfort regulating device for regulating the heatingapparatus, or the cooling equipment to give the maximum degree ofcomfort.

With particular reference to Figure 7 of the drawings, my comfortregulating device comprises, in general, a clock 30 having a rearengaging flange slidably supported in a suitable groove of the upperpart of a base 3l, a shifting plate 32 pivotally connected to the base3I by means of a bolt and nut 33 or other suitable means, two spaced,substantially upright members 34 and 35 pivotally connected to the upperend of the shifting plate 32, a cam 38 governed bythe clock 38 forengaging the two upright members 34 and 35 and thereby actuating theshifting plate 32, two sets of contact pins 39 and 48 carried by theshifting plate 32, a circular bi-metallic element 4|, a hygroscopicelement 42, an air velocity hand 46 and an associated air velocity dial43, a plurality of movable contact fingers 44, and a linkage system 45for translating the movements of the bi-metallic element 4|, thehygroscopic element 42, and the setting of the air velocity hand 46 intoa single resultant movement of the movable contact fingers 44.

In the illustrated embodiment of my invention, I preferably show anelectric clock of any suitable design, but it is to be understood that Ido not intend to limit my invention to an electric clock, as clocks ofother types may be likewise employed. Associated with the clock is asecondary dial 56 and a secondary mechanism 51 for actuating the cam 38.clock, the secondary dial 56, the secondary mechanism 51 andjthe cam 38constitutes a composite clock unit that is now utilized on existingthermostatic clock regulators. For this reason, the description and thedrawing of thecomposite clock unit include only such main features asare necessary to explain the general mode of operation. The secondarydial 56 makes one complete revolution in twenty-four hours, and isdivided in two main divisions, one designated as a. m. and the other asp. m. Each division is subdivided in twelve equal hourly divisions.Releasably attached to the secondary dial 56, are two tripping hands 58and 59 for lifting a tripping lever 68, which, in turn, initiates theaction.

of the secondary mechanism 51 to rotate the cam 38. As illustrated thetwo tripping hands 58 and 59 may be adjustably set for any desiredtripping time by tightening a thumb set screw 6|, and,

when once set, they rotate in a counterclockwise direction with thesecondary dial 56. As the arcuate ends of the tripping hands 58 and 59respectively pass under the tripping lever 60, they gradually lift thetripping lever and thereby set the secondary mechanism in operation. Inthe position as shown, the set screw 6| is unloosened and the twotripping hands 58 and 59 are hanging loosely. As will appear later, thetripping hands 58 and 59 are loose when the comfort regulator is set tocontrol the cooling equipment in the suml'mer season. In the winterseason when the heating apparatus is in operation the tripping hands 58and 59 are adjustably set and tightened to rotate with the secondarydial 56.

'I'he secondary mechanism 51 and the associated rotatng cam 58 arelocated in rear of the secondary dial 56. Briefly, the operation of thesecondary mechanism is such that by lifting the tripping lever 68, toitsraised position, the cam 38 rotates in a clockwise directionapproximated one-quarter of a turn in which position the tip of the camis in readiness to engage the upright member 35, and that, when thetripping lever 68 is allowed to fall to its lower position, the cam 38resumes its rotation in a clockwise direction until `*the tip of the camis vertically downward, thus making a total sweep of one-half of arevolution. During the period of the second-quarter sweep of the cam, itengages the upright member 35 and actuates the shifting plate 32 to theright. Similarly, by again lifting the tripping lever 68 to its raisedposition the cam rotates in a clockwise K direction approximatelyone-quarter of a revolution, in which position the tip of the cam is inreadiness to engage the upright member 34, and

The combination of they then when the tripping lever 68 is allowed tofall to its lower position, the cam resumes its rotation in a clockwisedirection until the tip of the cam is vertically upward, thus making asecond total sweep of one-half of a revoltuion. During the period of thefourth-quarter sweep of the cam, it engages the upright member 34 andactuates the shifting plate 32 to the left. 'For the purpose ofadjustably varying the amount of the shift of the shifting plate 32, thetwo uprights 34 and 35 are pivotally connected to the upper end of theshifting plate 32 and hence they may be adjustably set at any desiredposition by moving the integrally formed indicating arms 64 and 65 alongtheir corresponding effective temperature scales, marked off on oppositeside of the upper end of the shifting plate 32.

In addition to the composite clock unit now employed in existingthermostatic regulators, I provide a second means for lifting thetripping lever 68, This second means is utilized when my comfortregulator is connected to control the cooling equipment in the summerseason and comprises, in general, an electro-magnet 66 mounted on adepending bracket 61, a lifting lever 68 pivotally connected to thecovering of the secondary mechanism 51 and arranged to have its innerend engage th'e underneath side of the tripping lever 68, a. spring 69that normally biases the inner end of the lifting lever 68 downwardly tofree the tripping lever 68, and two sets of contact fingers 18 and 1|,and 12 and 13, respectively disposed to be bridged by the tip of the cam38, which is insulated from the remaining portion of the cam by means ofa suitable insulating member 16. The energization of the electromagnet66 pulls the outer end of the lifting lever 68 downwardly and thuscauses the inner end thereof to lift the tripping lever 68 to its raisedposition, and conversely, the de-energization of the electro-magnet 66allows the spring 69 to raise the outer end of the lifting lever 68 andthereby cause the inner end thereof to free the tripping lever 68. 'I'heoperation of the cam 38, initiated by the electro-magnet 66, is the sameas that previously described in connection with the secondary dial .56and the associated tripping hands 58 and 59.

The two sets of contact fingers 18 and 1|, 12 and 13,f respectively arecarried by two insulating pieces 14 and 15 fastened to a rear portion ofthe composite clock unit (not shown). As will appear later, undercertain external conditions, the shunting of the sets of Contact fingers'18 and 12, and 12 and 13 completes a circuit for 8| and 82 are, inturn, respectively connected to two energized conductors and 8'6 bymeans of two terminals 83 and 84 embedded in the base 3|. Similarly, -byan arrangement of another pair of 'contact points and terminals, the tWOconductors 81 and 88 that lead to the electric motor of the clock arerespectively connected to two energized conductors 89 and 98. Althoughnot shown, the conductors 62, |68 and 18, the later being connected tothe upper terminal of the electro-magnet 66, are arranged to beconnected to an external circuit through means of contact points andterminals embedded in the opposite side of the rear flange of the clock30. Therefore, when the clock is slidably disengaged from, or slidablyengaged into, the upper end of the base 3|, there is no necessity ofdisconnecting incoming and outgoing conductors. In order to show theembedded terminals as clearly as possible the surrounding portion of thebase 3| has been cut away.

In my invention, the electro-magnet (i6,- and the two sets of contactfingers 10 and 1|, and 12 and 13, respectively, and all of theirassociated elements constitute an addition to the composite clock unitemployed in existing thermostatic regulators, and, accordingly, the newparts, as well as the old, are removed when the new composite clock, asillustrated in my invention, is removed from the base 3|.

In addition to actuating automatically the shifting plate 32 by means ofthe cam 38, a second means comprising manually operated parts isprovided. As illustrated, the second means includes, in general, anadjustable effective temperature indicating hand |02, an effectivetemperature scale |03, an upright shaft |04 suitably supported in thebase 3|, and an actuating arm |05 having one end connected to the upperend-of the upright shaft |04 and having its other end inserted into asuitable opening in the shifting plate 32. Therefore by means of theforegoing arrangement, the actuations of the adjustable effectivetemperature hand |02 causes a corresponding shifting in the samedirection of the shifting plate 32.

In my comfort regulating device, the linkage system 45 that transmits asingle resultant movement to the movable contact fingers 44, is actuatedby the combined movements of the b1- metallic member 4|, the hygroscopicelement 42, and the setting of the air velocity hand 46.l The linkagesystem 45 is based upon the linkage system shown in Figure 6, andcomprises an upright post |01 having its upper end pivotally connectedto the contact fingers 44, and its lower end connected to thebi-metallic member 4|, a crank ||0 pivotally connected at its apex to asupport 41 and actuated by the hygroscopic element 42, an arm actuatedby the setting of the air velocity hand 46, a slotted arm ||2 actuatedjointly by the crank ||0 and the arm and a member ||3 for transmittingthe movements of the slotted arm ||2 to the contact fingers 44.

The stationary end of the bi-metallic member 4| is adjustably connectedto a `bracket plate |06. In order that the position of the upright post|01 may be varied, when making calibrated adjustments, an adjustmentscrew |00l .is provided. In this manner, the mere turning of theadjustment screw |08 changes the initial position of the upright postI01- for any particular drybulb temperature. Responding to changes indry-bulb temperatures, the upright post |01 moves `back and forth in thesame manner as the contact fingers of the existing thermostats move backand forth. `The swinging of the upper end of the upright post |01 notonly actuates the contact fingers 44, but also causes the pin I4 toslide back and fortli in the longitudinal slot of the slotted arm ||2l.rI'his means that the movements of the contactl fingers 44 is responsiveto the movements ofthe hygroscopic element 42 and the setting of the airvelocity hand 46. as well as to the bi-metallic member 4|.

While there are several existing hygroscopic elements responsive tomoisture, such example, as the human hair, cellulose materials, andribbon paper, I have preferably shown a hygroscopic element 42 up ofdisimillar pieces of wood |2I, which deflect, when subjected to a changeof Amoisture, very much as a bi-metallic strip deects when subjected toa change of temperature. The lower ends of the dissimilar pieces of wood|2| are embedded in a suitable stationary support |22 and the free upperends are each pivotally connected to separate cross-pins extendingbetween two side plates |23. Integrally connected to the front sideplate is an upwardly extending arm having a slot therein to which. .theupper end of the crank ||0 is slidably connected. lWhile I have shownonly four dissimilar pieces of wood |2|, it is apparent that any numbermay be employed to give the desired force to actuate the crank ||0. Inthis embodiment of my invention, the upper free ends of the dissimilarpieces of wood |2| are disposed to swing to the right with an increasein the relative humidity. Accordingly, with an increase in the relativehumidity, the right-hand end of the slotted arm H2 is raised, and with adecrease in the relative humidity, the right-hand end of the slotted arm||`2 is lowered. The up and down movements of the right-hand end of theslotted arm ||2 are, in turn, transmitted to the contact fingers 44. Inaddition to the hygroscopic element 42 actuating the slotted arm H2, itoperates a relative humidity indicating hand |50 which moves along arelative humidity scale |5|.

The left-hand end of the slotted arm ||2 is actuated up and down inaccordance with the setting of the air velocity hand 46. As illustrated,with an increase in the setting of the air velocity hand 46, theleft-hand end of the slotted arm ||2 is actuated downwardly andconversely, with a decrease in the setting of the air velocity hand 46,the movement of the left-hand end of the slotted arm ||2 is upwardly.

Therefore, by th'e linkage system 45, the movements of the bi-metallicmember 45, and the hygroscopic element 42, and the setting of the airvelocity hand 46, are transmitted into a single resultant movement ofthe contact fingers 44. In other words, the movement of the upper endsof the contact fingers 44, Vvare a measurement of the effectivetemperature or the true index of a persons feeling of comfort ordiscomfort. Stated in another way, the contact fingers 44 lean backwardfrom an extended line passing' through the center of the upright post|01 by an amount equal to a subtrahend value, as determined by thecombination of the dry-bulb temperature, the relative humidity and thesetting of the air velocity.

As illustrated the Ccontact fingers 44 are arranged to engage two setsof contact pins 39 and 40. As will appear later the set of contact pins,

the action of the heating apparatus or the cooling equipment, and thebreaking of the control circuit by the opening of the contact fingerswith either one of the .set of contact pins 39 or 40, accordinglyarrests the action of the heating apparatus orthe cooling equipment.

The setof contact pins 39 and 40 are similarly constructed and aremounted on the shifting plate 32 in the same manner. -As shown, the setof contact pins 39 includes three contact pins 30, |3| and |32 and theset of contact pins 40 includes three contact pins |33, |34 and |35. Thecontact pins of each set threadedly engage individual insulatedcylindrical segments, which, when assembled, constitute a rotatableshaft suitably bearing on the rear end in the shifting vplate 32 and onthe'front end in an arcuate memmy comfort regulating device is set tocontrol the cooling equipment in the summer time, the set of contactpins 40 are in cooperative working position with the contact fingers 44,and the set of contact pins 39, which are connected to control. theheating apparatus in the winter time, are

rotated counterclockwise out of working engagement/with. the contactfingers 44. Therefore, be-

fore the interlocking arm |4| can be actuated in a clockwise directionto bring the set of contact pins 39 into Working position with thecontact fingers 44, it is first necessary to actuate the interlockingarm |40 in a clockwise direction and thereby raise the set of contactpins 40 out of Working positionV with the contact fingers 44.

To avoid any unnecessary difficulty in adjusting the contact fingers 44,with reference to the two sets of contact pins, I provide two oppositelydisposed sets of contact fingers. As illustrated, each set comprisesthree flexible fingers connected at their lower ends to a base that ispivotally connected to the upper end of the post |01 and adapted attheir upper ends to engage the three corresponding contact pins. As willbe fuller explained as the description advances, the three contactfingers are adjusted to progressively engage their respective contactpins.

While not shown, my comfort regulating device may be provided`with aremovable cover.- In

`accordance with existing thermostatic regulators,

such a cover may have the usual thermometer mounted thereon. Inaddition,'the cover should be provided with suitable openings for therelative humidity scale |5i, the air velocity scale 43, and theeffective temperature scale |02, so that these readings may be visibleand adjustable without removing the cover.

With'l reference to Figure 8, I illustrate how my comfort regulatingdevice may be employed to control the heating apparatus in the winterseason and the cooling equipment in the summer season. In general, thecontrol system comprises an inside regulating device, that is mountedinside of a building, an outside regulating device that is mounted onthe outside of the building, a, compartment including heating elements|1|, cooling elements |12, and a motor-driven fan |131; aheat generatingunit |14, a cooling unit driven by a motor |16, transformers |11, |18and |19, supply conductors |80, and associated relays and values foreffecting the desired operating characteristics.

Theinside comfort regulating device, while it is drawn somewhatdiagrammatically for simplicity and clarity, comprises and embodies thesame features of the regulating device shown in Figure 7. The threeflexible Contact fingers of each set of the oppositely disposed Contactfingers 44 are arranged to close progressively with approximately a twodegree effective temperature differential between them. The two sets ofcontact fingers are constructed alike and, of the right-hand set that isconnected to control the cooling equipment, the contact finger thatengages the contact pin |35 (hereinafter called the rightrear contactfinger) is adjusted to close first, the Contact finger that engages thecontact pin |33 (hereinafter called the right-front Contact finger) isadjusted to close second, and the contact finger that engages thecontact pins |34 (hereinafter called the right-middle contact finger) isadjusted to close last; and similarly of the lefthand set that isconnected to control the heating apparatus, the contact finger thatengages the contact pin |32 (hereinafter called the left-rear contactfinger) is adjusted to close first, the contact finger that is adjustedto engage the contact pin |30 (hereinafter called the left-front contactfinger) is adjusted to close second, and the contact finger that engagesthe contact pin |3| (hereinafter called the left-middle contact iinger)is adjusted to close last.

For the outside regulating device, it is not necessary to include theclock and the associated features for automatically operating theshifting plate 32. The remaining parts, except for the single contactfinger 200, are the same as the corresponding parts of the insideregulator.

As illustrated the transformer |11 supplies the energy to the electricclock 30 of the regulating device. The transformer |11 is designed togive the proper wattage and voltage to operate the electric clock and,therefore, no other circuit should be connected thereto.

The compartment |10 may be more descriptively referred to as the modernair conditioners and the outside of the enclosure may be finished toharmonize with any surroundings of the home, ofiice, or other location.'I'he upper heating elements |1| are connected to a heat generating unit|10 of the gas-burning type controlled by a suitable electro-magneticgas valve |9|. The lower cooling -elements |12 of the air conditionerare connected to a refrigerating compressor |15 driven by a motor |16.As is usual practice, the motor-driven fan |13 is located in the bottomof the compartment |10 and provides, when running for drawing a currentof air from the room through the opening |92 in the bottom of the.compartment and thence 4'for forcing the air up through the compartmentthe winter time, either the fan 13 or the heating elements |1|, or bothmay be operated. The selectivity between the cooling elements |12 andthe heating elements |1|` and the activity of the respective cooling andheating elements are controlled by the combination of a double-throw Ilrelay |91.

In explaining the operation,'I will first assume that the system is setfor summer time conditions. In the summer time position, which is theposition shown in the drawings, the set of contact pins |33, |34 and |35are in cooperative working position with the right-hand set'of contactfingers 44 and the position of the doublethrowswitch |95 is down,thereby connecting the relay |96 to the motor that drives therefrigerating compressor |15. Further, for the purpose of making thedescription as clear as possible, the effective temperature hand |02 isarbitrarily set at a value of 68, and the air velocity hand 46 at avalue of 150 feet per minute. In actual practice, the effectivetemperature hand |02 should be set at such value that gives the maximumdegreeof comfort and the air velocity hand 46 should be set at suchvalue that corresponds with the prevailing air velocity of the air inthe room as caused by the fan |13. This value may be determined eitherby calculations based upon the capacity of the fan or by suitableannemometers at the time that the "air conditioners are installed.

In the position of the flexible contact ngers, as shown, the controlcircuits are open;.but, with an increase in the effective temperature ofthe air in the room or other surroundings, resulting from either achange in the moisture or the drybulb temperature, or the combination ofthem both, the iiexible contact fingers gradually approach andprogressively engage the set of contact fingers |33, |34 and |35. Inthis embodiment of this invention, the right-rear contact finger engagesrst at an effective temperature of 66 according to the arbitraryassumption; but, in so doing no current flows in the electricalcircuits. However, at an effective temperature of 68, by virtue of thedifferential of two degree effective temperature between the contactfingers, the right-front contact finger makes contact with itscooperatively engaging contact pin .I 33, thereby establishes a circuitfor energizing the relay |91 which, in turn, connects the motor thatdrives the fan |13 in circuit with the supply conductors |80. Thecircuit that energizes the relay |91 may be traced from the left-handterminal of the secondary Winding 2|0 of the transformer |19 through aconductor 2|2, the windings of the relay |91, conductors 2|3 and 2|4,the contact pins |33 and |35 bridged by the right-front and theright-rear contact fingers, and a conductor 2|5 to the right-handterminal of the secondary winding 2 I0 of the transformer |19.l Theoperation of the relay |91 connects the motor that drives the fan |13 incircuit with the supply conductors |80 through the closing of the lowercontact members 2|1.' Just as soon as the upper contact member 2|6 ofthe relay |91 is closed, a holding circuit is established forcontinuously energizing the relay |91 so long as the right-rear contactfinger engages the contact pin |35, even though the right-front contactfinger breaks engagement with the contact pin 33. This holding circuitextends from the conductor 2|3 through the upper contact member 2|6, aconductor |62, the bi-metallic element 4|, the post |01, right-rearcontact finger, the contact pin |35, and the conductor 2|5 to thesecondary winding 2| 0 of the transformer |19. Therefore, by reason ofthe holding circuit together with the differential of twov degreeseffective temperature between the right-rear and the right-front contactfingers, the operation of the relay 91 is made positive and thus quickstarting and stopping of the fan motor is prevented, even though theright-front contact nger, at the point where it is just breaking awayfrom the contact pin |33, should rapidly make and break contact with thecontact pin |33. This means that the relay |91, when once energized, isnot deenergized until the right-rear contact breaks engagement with thecontact pin |35, which according to the arbitrary assumption would be atan effective temperature value of 66, or in other words 2 below the 68,the`arbitrary setting of the effective temperature hand |02.

So far as explained, the motor,driven fan |13 only is operating to coolthe room and it alone will continue to operate so long as the effectivetemperature stays between a temperature bracket of 66 to 68. Below thisbracket, the motordriven fan |13 is stopped.

Let it now be assumed that the effective temperature continues to riseabove this temperature bracket. This increase in the effectivetemperature causes the contact fingers to swing further to the rightend, at an effective temperature of 70 (a differential of two degreesabove 68) the right-middle contact nger engages the contact pin |34.This connection establishes a circuit for energizing the relay 'I 96 andmay be traced from the left-hand terminal of the secondary winding 2||of lthe transformer |19 through a conductor 2|8, the windings of therelay |96, a conductor 2 I9, the contact fingers |34 and |33 bridged bythe right-middle and the right-front Contact fingers, and the conductor2|4 to the left-hand terminal of the second winding 2 Il of thetransformer |69. The operation of the relay |96 connects the motor |16that drives the refrigerating compressor |15 in circuit with supplyconductors |80 throughv the contact members 220 and the double-throwswitch |95. In a similar manner as described `in connection with `therelay |91, just as soon as the upper contact member 22| of the relay |96is closed, a holding circuitA is established for continuously energizingthe relay |96 so long as the right-front contact finger engages thecontact pin |33, even though the right-middle contact finger breaksengagement with the contact pin |34. 4the conductor 2|9 through theupper contact member 22|, conductors 223 and |62, the bimetallic element4|, the post |01, the rightfront contact finger, the contact pin I 33,and the conductor 2| 4 to the left-hand terminal of the secondarywinding 2|| of the transformer |19. Therefore, by virtue of this holdingcircuit together with the differential of two degrees effectivetemperature between the right-front and the right-rear contact fingers,the operation of the relay |96 is made positive and thus quick startingand stopping of the motor |16 that drives the refrigerating compressor|15is prevented, even though the right-middle contact finger, at thepoint where it is just breaking away from the contact pin |34, shouldrapidly make and break contact With the contact pin |34. This means thatthe relay |96, when once energized, is not deenergized until theright-front contact breaks engagement with the contact pin This holdingcircuit extends from |33, which, according to the arbitraryassumpsummarizing the combined performance 4ofy veffective temperatureof 66.

the'fan |13 and the refrigerating compressor |15, and using thearbitrarily chosen values, 'the fan with an increaseof the effectivetemperature is started at an effective temperature of 68 and therefrigerating compressor |15 is started at an effective temperature of70 and, with a decrease in the effective temperature, the refrigeratingcompressor |15 is stopped at an effective temperature of 68 and the fanis stopped at an In actual practice, the effect of the combinedperformance of the fan and the refrigerating compressor, asv controlledby my comfort regulating device, may be divided in three operatingconditions. Under the first condition, should the dry-bulb temperaturebe relatively low with the air dry, neither the fan nor therefrigerating compressor is operated; because, under the firstconditions, the effective temperature is relatively low and consequentlythere is no necessity for cooling the room. Under the second condition,should the dry-bulb temperature be relatively high with the air dry, thefan only is operated; because under the second condition, the effectivetemperature is of a medium value, and generally the cooling effectproduced by the fan alone when the air is dry is sufficient to maintainthe desired human comfort. Under the third condition, should thedry-bulb temperature be relatively high with the air rather damp, boththe fan and the refrigerating compressor are operated; because, underthe third condition, the effective temperature is relatively high and itis necessary to use both the fan and the refrigerating compressor tokeep the desired human comfort.

As hereinbefore pointed out in the description, when my comfortregulating device is connected to control thecooling equipment in thesummer- "time, the air velocity hand 46 is set at such value as tocorrespond to the prevailing air velocity of the room caused by the fan.Therefore, when the fan is operating, the resultant movement of thecontact fingers is a correct measurement of the human comfort, and it isimmaterial Whether the resultant movement of the contact fingers is nota correct measurement of the human comfort, as it will be when the fanis not operating, because, under the condition when the fan is notoperating, none of the contact fingers is engaging the contactpins.

In the illustrated embodiment of my invention, since the air/velocity ismaintained at some suitable constaint value, the action or performanceis such that, for any change in the dry-bulb temperature or the moisturewhich results in a. change in the human comfort, a correction is made inthe dry-bulb temperature to off-set the said initial change in the humancomfort caused by the change in the dry-bulb temperature or themoisture. In other words, the moisture may vary uncontrolled, becausethe operation of my invention is such that a correction is made in thedry-bulb temperaturey to keep the effective temperature of theair of theroom the same asl the setting of the effective temperature hand J| 02.This feature or mode of operation makes my invention particularlyadaptable to the modvern air conditioner in which there is no provisionfor positively controlling the moisture.

While air conditioners provide Vfor humidifying the air in the winter,and for dehumidifying the air in the summer, yet there is no provisionfor positively maintaining the moisture at some predetermined selectedvalue. In other words, the moisture is allowed to vary uncontrolled. The

same is true with hot air furnaces where moisture is added, in anuncontrolled manner, to the room by placing a supply of water in thepath of the heated air. Therefore, in those cases in which the moistureis controlledit is necessary to have additional equipment, controlled bya hygroscopic element. In this expensive manner, the relative humidityas well as the dry-bulb temperature is controlled. However, with myinvention it is not necessary to go to the additional expense ofinstalling a special humidifying and dehumidifying apparatus, because acorrection is made in the dry-bulb temperature to off-set any change inthe moisture, with the result the effective temperature is ymaintainedat the optimum comfort value. For instance, with reference to thepsychrometric chart of Figure 1, suppose that the optimum effectivetemperature for summertime conditions is 68. For this effectivetemperature and with a relative humidity of '70 percent, the dry-bulbtemperature must be 70.5. Now, with a decrease in the relative humidityto 25 percent, it is necessary, While maintaining the same ef.- fectivetemperature, to stop the refrigerating compressor andthe fan until thedry-bulb temperature reaches 75.5. vThis means that, at these particularvalues, ay correctionl of 5 degrees is made in the dry-bulb temperatureto off-set the change in the effective temperature caused by a reductionin the relative humidity from 70 percent to 25 percent. Accordingly avery efficient system results, as the motor for driving the fan and themotor for driving the refrigerating compressor are operated only whennecessary. Also, efficiency is attained by operating the fan only duringthe lower part ot the effective temperature bracket. From the foregoing,it is noted, that in view of the fact my comfort regulating device givesa measurement of human comfort that is responsive to the combination ofthe drybulb temperature, the moisture and a setting of y the airvelocity, a system results which not only is eicent but also requires noadditional equipment to control the moisture.

In theatres and department stores, which are cooled artificially in Warmweather, the contrast between the outdoor and indoor air conditions,

becomes the deciding factor in regard to the most desirable effectivetemperature to be maintained in the inside of the building. The objectof .cooling theatres in the summer is not to -reduce the effectivetemperature `to the optimum value, but to maintain therein a reasonablycomfortable effective temperature and at the same time to ,avoidsensations of chill or of intense heat in entering and leaving thebuilding. The vrelationship between desirable indoor effectivetemperature in summer corresponding to various outdoor effectivetemperatures is given in the following table:

Desirable indoor temperature inr summer compared to outside temperatureDegrees outside Degrees inside 'l D. B. W. E. T. D. B. W. B. E. T.

95 70 81 80 65. 2 73. 4 m 69 79 78 64. 5 -72. 2 85 57 76. 5 76. 5 64 71.l. 80 65. i3 73. 8 75 61. 5 70. 2 75 e4 7o. 5 73. 5 63 e9. 3 70 B2 67 7262. 5 68. 2

All of these values listed in the table, except those for the outsideeffective temperatures, were taken from a. table appearing on page 82 ofthe 1931 editionof the American Society of Heating and VentilatingEngineers Guide. The values appearing in the outside effectivetemperature column were taken from the psychrometric chart in Fig. 1,using the corresponding outside dry and wet bulb temperatures with thesame number of grains of moisture per `pound of dry air. It is notedthat the higher the effective temperature on the outside, the higher thecorresponding effective temperature on the inside. Therefore,

from the foregoing, we observe that the control circuits which regulatethe air conditioning equipment must be such as to respond to both theoutside andinside effective temperatures.

This provision is accomplished by causing the outside regulating deviceto change the effective temperature setting of the inside regulatingdevice. With reference to the foregoing insideoutside effectivetemperature table, it is noted by interpolation thatan outside effectivetemperature of 78 calls for an inside effective temperature of 72. Forthe purpose of explaining this feature of my invention, I havearbitrarily chosen these values as the dividing line. Hence, the insidecomfort regulating device is automatically set at'an effectivetemperature of 72 for all-outside effective temperatures above 78, andat an effective temperature of 68 for all outside effective temperaturesbelow 76, (a differential of two degrees is allowed for the play of thecontact finger 200 between the two contact pins 20| and 202 of theoutside regulating device). As illustrated, the effective temperaturehand |02 of the outside regulating device is set at 76, being theeffective temperature value at; which the contacty finger 200 firstengages the contact pin 202. In the illustrated position of the insideand the `outside regulating devices, it is noted that the time is 9.30a. m., that the setting of the indicating hand 65 which actuates theupright member 34 is at an effective temperature value'of 68, thatthesetting of the indicating hand 64 which actuates the upright,l member35 is at an effective temperature Value of 72, that the cam 38 is\vertical (which means that the shifting plate 32 has been actuated by the'cam 38 during the preceding night, thus making the setting oftheeffective temperature hand |02 register 68), and that the effectivetemperature of the outside air is 76 or less, since the contact finger200 is engaging` the contact -finger 202. In actual operation, theforegoing positions will remain as such until the effective temperatureof the outside air reaches 78 or above, which may, on a hot summer daybe about noon'time or before. i

Let it be assumed that the effective temperature ofthe outside airreaches 78 or above. This increase in effective temperature causes thecontact finger- 200 to swing to the right and engage the contact pin 20|which,in turn, establishes a circuit for energizing the electro-magnet66 of the composite clock unit.' 'I'his circuit may be traced from theleft-hand terminal of the sieclondary winding of "ithe transformer |18through a switch 250, the conductor 86, the terminal 84 that is embeddedin the base 3 I, the contact point 82 that is embedded in the rearflange of the clock 30, a conductor 80, the winding of theelectro-magnet 66, a conductor 18, a terminal and a contact point thatare embedded in the left- Vhand rear fiange of the clock 30, a conductor230, the bi-metallic lelementl 4| of the outside regulating device, thecontact finger 200, the Vcontact pin 20|, a conductor 228, a terminaland' a contact point that' are embedded in the left-hand rear flange ofthe clock 30, a conductor |60, the

contact finger 12 and 13 bridgediby the tip of l the. cam 38, aconductor 18, a contact'pln 8|, a terminal 83, and a conductor 85 to theopposite terminal of the secondary winding of the transformer |18. 'I'heenergization of the electromagnet 66 by the establishment of the abovetraced circuit, lifts the tripping lever 60 to its raised position andthereby initiates the action of the secondary mechanism 51 for actuatingthe cam 38. Just as soon as the cam 38 breaks engagement with thecontact fingers 12 and 13, the circuit that energizes the electro-magnet66 is de- `energized and, consequently, the trippinglleve the insideregulating device to move to the right until it likewise reads 72. Inthe new shifted position or the shifting plate 32, because of thedifferential of two degrees effective temperature between the contactfingers, the fan |13, with an increase in the effective temperature, isstarted at an effective temperature of 72, the refrigerating compressor|15 is started at an effective temperature of 74; and, with a decreasein the effective temperature, the refrigerating compressor |15 isstopped at an effective temperature of 72, and the fan |13 is stopped atan effective temperature oi 70.

'I'his higher effective temperature setting of the inside regulatingdevice is maintained until the effective temperature of the outside airdecreases to or below 76, at which value the contact finger 200 swingsto the left and engages the contact pinz 202. This establishes a circuitfor energizing the electro-magnet 66 of the composite clock unit, and itmay be traced from the left-hand terminal of the secondary winding ofthe transformer |18 through the switch 250, the conductor 86, theembedded contact terminal 84, the embedded contact point 82, theconductor 80, the winding of the electro-magnet 66, the conductor 18,the Contact terminal and a point that are embedded in the rear left-handflange of the clock 30, the conductor 230, the bi-metallic element 4|,the contact finger 200, the contact pin 202, a conductor 229, a contactpoint and a terminal that are embedded in the rear left-hand flange ofthe clock 30, a' conductor 62, the contact fingers 10 and 1| bridged bythe tip of the cam 38, Conductors 11 and 15, the embedded contact 8|,the embedded terminal 83, and the conductor 85 to the opposite terminalof the secondary winding of the transformer |18. In a manner aspreviously explained, the energization of the electromagnet 66 causesthe cam 38 to rotate in a clockwise direction and thus actuate theshifting plate 32 back to its former setting. 'Ihis is the setting asillustrated in the drawings. l

Therefore, bymeans of automatically setting the inside regulating devicein accordance with the outside regulating device, a reasonablycomfortable effective temperature is maintained in ing and on leavingthe building is avoided.

While I preferably show an outside regulating device based upon theprinciples of my comfort regulating device, I also show in Fig. 9 that-a straight thermostatic regulating. device having a bi-metallic element242 only may be employed instead of the outside regulating device shownin Fig. 8. For the regulating device in Fig.'9, the same circuitconnections are used, but the scale 244' is calibrated in dry-bulbtemperature. As i1- lustrated the dry-bulb temperature hand 243 isarbitrarily set at 88. Therefore for dry-bulb temperatures of 90 andabove (allowing for a differential of two degrees)' the shifting plate32 of the inside regulating device is shifted to the right, and fordry-bulb temperatures of 88 and below the shifting plate 32 is shiftedto the left. As is observed, the swinging movements of the contactfinger 200 of the outside regulating device of Fig. 8 is less than theswinging movements of the contact finger 242 of the straightthermostatic regut lator of Fig. 9, and for this reason the contactfinger 202 is not constrained to bend so much as the contact finger 242.I'his provision makes the outside regulating device shown in Fig. 8preferable to the straight thermostatic regulator shown in Fig. 9.

The operation of my comfort regulating device for winter conditionslwill now be'explained in connection with the fan and the heatingapparatus. To change from summer time operating conditions to wintertime operating conditions it is necessaryv to do four things.First-,remove the cover from my comfort regulating devicel and actuatethe interlocking levers |40 and |4I, and thus raise the set of contactpins 40 out of cooperative Working position with the right-hand set ofcontact fingers and lower the set of contact pins 39 into cooperativeworking position with the left-hand set ofcontact ngers. Second, actuatethe double-throw switch |95 to the upper position. Third, open the knifeswitch 250. Fourth, adjustably set and clamp the two tripping hands 58and 59 to the secondary dial 56 and reset the indicating hands 64 and65. For

lwinter time conditions the indicating hand 64 maybe set at 66 effectivetemperature and the indicating hand 65 at 55 effective temperature. Oneof the tripping hands is set to cause the tripping lever 60 to betripped in the p. m., say ten or eleven oclock in the evening to reducethe effective temperature down to 55 (the setting of the indicating hand65) during the night, and the other tripping hand is set to cause thetripping lever 60 to be tripped in the a. m., say five or six oclock inthe morning to have the rooms heated up to 66 effective temperature (thesetting of the indicating hand 64) before getting up.

the' contact pin |30, a circuit is established for energizing the relay|91. This circuit may be traced from the left-hand terminal-of thesecondary winding 2|0 of the transformer |19 through the conductor 2|2,the winding of the relay |91, the conductors 2|4 and 221, the contactpins |30 and |32 bridged by the left-front and the left-rear contactfingers, and conductors. 225 and 2|5 to the opposite terminal of thesecondary winding 2|0 of the transformer |19. As prevlouslydescribed,the operation of the relay |91 connects the motor that drives the fan|13 to the supply conductors |80. Also, as the leftmiddle contact fingerengages the contact pin |3|, a circuit is established for energizing therelay |96. This circuit may be traced from the left-hand terminal of thesecondary winding 2|| of the transformer |19 through the conductor 2I8,the winding of the relay |96, the conductors 2| 9 and 226, the contactpins |3| and |30 bridged by the left-middle and left-front contactfingers, and conductors 221 and 2|4 to the opposite terminal .of thesecondary'winding 2|| of the transformer |19.V The operation of therelay |96 connects the electro-magnetic gas valve |9| in circuit withthe supply conductors |80 and thus so regulates the fuel as to increasethe effective temperature.

Thus, the fan and the heating apparatus both operate simultaneously. Inthis manner, the effective temperature of the building is increased tothe optimum value in much less time than it would be if the fan were notemployed. `As the effective temperature increases, the contact fingersswing to the right and thus progressively break away from the contactpins |3|, |30 and |32 ln the order named. For explanation purposes, Iwill assume that the leftmiddle contact finger breaks away at aneffecholding lcircuits that are effected by the closure of the contactmembers 2| 6 and 22| of the relays, the operation of the system isunaffected when the left-middle contact finger breaks engagement withthe `contact pin |3| at an effective temperature of 64. However, 'asIthe effective temperature increases to 66, the left-front contactfinger, according to the foregoing arbitrary assumption, breaksengagement with the contact pins |30 and thereby interrupts the circuitthat energizes the relay |96. This interruption, in turn, arrests theaction of the heatingv apparatus. The fan, however, continues tooperate, and in the event that the effective temperature should rise to68, it is stopped, because at this arbitrary value the left-rear contactfinger breaks engagement with the contact pin |32, andinterrupts thecircuit that energizes the relay |91. From the foregoing, it is notedthat, when. the shifting plate 32 shifts from a low setting to a highsetting in the morning, both the heating apparatus and the fan in thebeginning operate to increase rapidly the effective temperature; that asthe effective temperature approaches and reaches the optimum value,namely the setting of the effective temperature hand |02, the heatingapparatus is arrested, and that the fan in order to keep the airrefreshed continues to operate until the effective temperature increasesto 68, at which value the relay |91 is deenergized.

Because of the differential of two degrees between theadjustment of thecontact fingers, with a decrease in the effective temperature after theaction of the heating apparatus is arrested, thecontact fingers swing tothe left and at an effective temperature of 64, the left-middle contactfinger re-engages the contact pin 3| and establishes the circuit forre-engaging the relay toy |96. This aga'in starts the heating apparatus.

' Therefore, according to the arbitrarily assumed values the efectivetemperature is maintained between 64 and 66.

In the evening, depending upon the p. vm. setting, one of the specifiedtripping arms raises the tripping lever 60 and thereby c-auses the cam38 as previously explained to actuate the shifting plate 32 to the lowereffective temperature setting, as determined by the setting of theindicator 65. For this lower setting, the contact pins are shifted awaylfromthe contact fingers and accordingly both the relays |96 and |91 aredeenergized. This action causes the eiective temperature to fall to thevalue of the lower setting.

It is apparent that, while I have illustrated my invention in connectionwith air conditioners the invention may likewise be readily adopted toregulate the damper yof furnaces or perform any other operation that theexisting thermostatic regulators perform. Also, inasmuch as theeffective temperature is a measurement of any and all possiblecombinations of the dry-bulb temperature andthe relative humidity (theair velocity being set at a constant value) my comfort regulating devicemay regulate either one of thetwo factors while the other one may beallowed to varyvuncontrolled. As illustrated in the foregoingdescription, the dry-bulb temperature is regulated while the relativehumidity may vary uncontrolled. It is likewise apparent that the reverseis true.. That is my comfort regulating device may regulate the relativehumidity while the dry-bulb temperature may vary uncontrolled.

Since certain changes in my inventionvmay be made without departing fromthe spirit and scope thereof, it is intended that all matters containedin the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawingsshall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

I claimas my invention:

1. A measuring device for giving a measurement of condition of the airbased upon the combination of the dry-bulb temperature, the relativehumidity and the air Velocity comprising, in combination, meansresponsive to the relative humidity, an inter-connecting member, meansfor I actuating one of the ends of the inter-connecting member by therelative humidity means, adjustable means for actuating the other end ofthe inter-connecting member to correspond with the air velocity, anelement responsive to the dry-bulb temperature, a contact fingerconnected to the dry-bulb temperature element, means for actuating thecontact Yfinger vby the inter-connecting member, a contact memberdisposed in space relation with the contact finger, means for shiftingthe position of the contact member with respect to the contact finger, atime device, and means forcausing the time device to govern the shiftingmeans.

2. In combination, a contact finger, means for actuating the contactfinger, a contact member disposed'in space relation with the contactfiriger, means for shifting lthe contact member relative to the contactfinger, a time device, means associated with the time device foractuating the shifting means, means for initiating the action of theactuating means,electrical control circuits, means responsive to theconditions of the electrical control circuits for governing theinitiating means, and means responsive to the condition of the air forchanging the conditions of the electrical control circuits. v

3. In combinatiom a contact. finger, means for actuatingthe contactfinger in accordance with the combination of the dry-bulb temperature,the relative humidity, and the setting of the air velocity, a contactmember disposed in space'relation with the contact fingers, means for.shifting the contact member relative to the contact iln-V ger, a timedevice,'means including a cam for actuating the shifting means, meansfor initiating the action'of the actuating means, an electro-magnet foroperating the initiating means, a second contactinger, means foractuating the second contact finger in accordance with the combinationof the dry-bulb temperature, the relative humidity, and the setting ofthe air velocity,r contact members disposed in space relation with thesecond contact finger, switching. contacts governed by the rotation ofthe cam, and control circuits for interconnecting the contact membersfor the second contact finger, the switching contacts and theelectro-magnet, thereby controlling humidity, an interconnecting member,means for actuating the inter-connecting member'by the relative humiditymeans, adjustable means for actuating the Vinter-connecting member tocorrespond with the vair velocity, an element responsive to the dry-bulbtemperature, a contact finger Vconnected to the dry-bulb temperatureelement,

and means for actuating the vcontact finger by the inter-connecting'member.

5. In combination, a thermostatic element, a control element operatedthereby, a plurality of means cooperatingwith said control element, anadjustable mounting for said means, mechanism for moving one of saidmeans out of cooperative relationship with said control element, andinterlock means preventing one of said means from moving intocooperative relationship .with said element while another of saidmeansis in cooperative relationship therewith,

6. In combination, a support, a thermostatic element having one endfixed relative to said support, a hygrostatic element having one endfixed relative to said support, acontrol element operated by the jointaction of said elements, means cooperating with said control element,and temperature responsive means for adjusting the position vof saidmeans relative to said control elemen v'7. A regulatingdevicecomprising, a first contact member, a second contact membercooperating with said first contact member, means responsive to theindoor temperature for operating said first contact member, shiftingmeans for varying the relative position of said contact members,interchangeable means for operating said shifting means comprisingy atime deviceand a device responsive to the outdoor temperature, and meansfor rendering one of said interchangeable means inoperative when theother of said interchangeable means is in operation. 8. In combination,a thermostatic element, a first member associated with the thermostaticelement to give a modified movement of the thermostatic element, ahumidostatic element, a second member associated with the humidostaticelement to give a modified movement of the humidostatic element, and anadjusting member es y having pivoted thereto means ior connecting saidfirst and second members whereby vmovement of said adjusting membermodies the movement of at least one of said iirst two named members.

9. In combination, a thermostatic element, a ilrst member.` associatedwith said thermostatic element, a humidostatic element, a second memberassociated with the humidostatic element, a third member having meanspivoted thereto connect- 10 ing said first and second members, andseparate means for imparting movement to said third member, theconstruction and arrangement being such that movement oi' one of saidmembers imparts movement to another of said'members.

10. Means for giving a measurement of the effective temperaturecomprising, a hygroscopic humidity element, a temperature responsiveelement, means operated by said elements, the arrangement of thehygroscopic humidity element, the temperature responsive element and themeans operated by said elements being such that the rate at which thehygroscopic humidity element influences the movement of said means isgreater at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures and that thevalue of said measurement lies between the value of the dry bulbtemperature and the wet bulb temperature.

' GEORGE V. WOODLING.

